Biomimicry Taxonomy
What is the biomimicry taxonomy?
Break down (74)
Chemically break down (51)
Catalyze chemical reactions (7)
Cleave halogens from organic compounds (0)
Cleave heavy metals from organic compounds (2)
Other inorganic compounds (4)
Other organic compounds (33)
Multiple organisms interact: soil ecosystem
Multiple organisms strip nutrients: forests
Enzymes allow cellulose digestion: bacteria
Enzymatic liquid digests insects: green pitcher-plant
Cellulose digested for fuel: protozoans
Enzyme oxidizes fat-soluble organic chemicals: animals
Organisms work together to decompose cellulose: earthworm
Toxin breaks down tissue: Mycobacterium ulcerans
VOCs used as carbon and energy source: fungus
Enzymes help break down plant cell walls: Bacillus bacteria
Organism digests blood: hookworm
Gut microbes digest cellulose: termites
Special liquid softens hard cocoon: puss moth
Bacteria degrade petroleum hydrocarbons: Marinobacter
Enzyme breaks down hydrocarbons: bacteria
Chemicals used in defense: termites
Microorganisms degrade crude oil: bacteria
Enzyme degrades lignin: Trametes fungi
Extremophile converts fatty-acids into energy: bacteria
Enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide: thermal pool microbes
Exoskeleton is dissolved: dragonfly
Diversity increases efficiency: soil ecosystem
Breaking down crude oil: Archaea bacteria
Breaking down crude oil: aerobic bacteria
Breaking down crude oil: fungi
Breaking down crude oil: yeast
Skin resists microorganisms: pilot whale
Digestive solution removes excess algae: giant clam
Secretions break down algal walls: stony corals
Digesting various substances: fungi
Breaking down cellulose: forest fungi
Food digested externally: houseflies
Mixture waterproofs nests: paper wasps
Polymers (5)
Physically break down (23)
Abiotic materials (4)
Biotic materials (19)
Multiple organisms interact: soil ecosystem
Teeth scrape and grind to break down coral: parrotfish
Chewing through wood: harlequin beetle
Teeth crush shells: walrus
Jaws shear flesh: alligator snapping turtle
Tongue cuts through fish scales: lamprey
Mouth cuts through chitin: velvet mite
Jaws cut leaves precisely: leaf cutting ants
Teeth specialized to diet: macropods
Mouth sorts and grinds food: platypus
Crystals of metal salts improve cutting ability: herbivorous insects
Mineral crystals enhance cutting ability: limpet
Mineral crystals enhance rasping power: chitons
Specialized teeth wear down but remain effective: grazing animals
Snout works as drill: acorn weevil
Ovipositor drills through wood: parasitic wasps
Beak cuts up food: trogons
Head bores through wood: shipworm
Get, store, or distribute resources (338)
Capture, absorb, or filter (198)
Bulk solids (1)
Chemical entities (32)
Structures absorb amino acids: potbelly airplant
Gills exchange oxygen efficiently: fish
Intestines absorb glucose fast: hummingbird
Membrane channel lets only some ions in: Streptomyces lividans
Nitrogen fixed for termites: spirochete bacteria
Diet compensates for mineral deficiencies: red deer
Self-medicating prevents disease: rabbits
Gene transfers enhance photosynthesis: marine viruses
Kidneys filter impurities: human
Leaves capture water: bromeliads
Mounds accumulate calcium carbonate: termites
Organs detect scent: reptiles
Membranes desalinate water: mangrove
Cells detect and sequester toxic copper: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tissues absorb nitrogen: haircap moss
Mechanism concentrates inorganic carbon: diatoms
Siphon filters seawater: sea squirt
Rootlets reabsorb nutrients: giant groundsel
Roots absorb nutrients from dead leaves: cushion plants
Dissolved gold is precipitated: bacteria
Proteins limit nanoparticle dispersal: sulfate-reducing bacteria
Surviving low nutrient, low light conditions: peatland plants
Photosynthesis with low CO2: peatland plants
Secretions break down algal walls: stony corals
Epiphytes capture nutrients: bromeliads
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Antennae detect odors: dampwood termite
Body surface gathers nutrients: tapeworms
Sensitivity to sweetness aids in food selection: honeybee
Underwater sensors detect odors: spiny lobster
Bacteria reduce iron oxide: Shewanella oneidensis
Energy (34)
Photosynthesis: Cooke's koki'o
Leaves maximize sun exposure: plants
Pigment enhances light absorption: tropical plants
Organisms capture radiation: black fungus
Nest maximizes solar heat absorption: wood ants
Collective body heat warms nest: wood ants
Structures maximize light absorption: plants
Pigment cells absorb incidental light: insects
Leaves optimize internal state: mangrove
Crystals draw sunlight into plant: window plants
Tendons store energy: bushbaby
Leaves optimize photosynthesis: giant water-lily
Achilles tendons enhance jumping: kangaroo
Creating energy from sunlight: plants
Surviving low nutrient, low light conditions: peatland plants
Transparent patches of mantle focus light: giant clam
Secretions break down algal walls: stony corals
Optimizing exposure to sunlight: stony corals
Epiphytes capture nutrients: bromeliads
Photosynthesis in low-light conditions: Taeniophyllum orchid
Skeletal construction provides shock absorption: cats
Surviving extended confinement: lungfish
Managing irregular food supplies: crossbills
Relationship provides nutrients, housing, protection: bull horn acacia and acacia ants
Herd finds fresh food: wildebeests
Leaves focus light: begonias
Ribbon-like roots absorb moisture: Taeniophyllum orchid
Mutant gene flattens leaves: snapdragon
Iridescent thin layer provides photoprotection: understory rainforest plants
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Gases (9)
Nitrogen fixed for termites: spirochete bacteria
Bubble allows breathing underwater: Potamodytes beetle
Skin acts as membrane: sea snake
Spider creates underwater air tank: water spider
Underhairs provide insulation: merino sheep
Mechanism concentrates inorganic carbon: diatoms
Fine filaments absorb oxygen: newt
Aerating device delivers oxygen: mangroves
Leaves adjust to changing environment: Common arrowhead
Liquids (35)
Nasal surfaces remove water vapor: camel
Grooves gather water: thorny devil
Water vapor harvesting: Namib desert beetle
Electric current reduces friction: common earthworm
Water absorbed from humid air: brown dog tick
Roots maximize water uptake: plants
Leaves capture water: bromeliads
Leaf arrangement collects water: epiphytes
Pebbles aid dew condensation: Australian mouse
Ice nucleation captures water: lichen
Silk protects from flooding, captures water: barking spider
Trees comb water from clouds: cloud forests
Leaves survive desiccation: Spanish moss
Skin protects from dehydration: file snake
Pressure forces blood from pores: grasshopper
Density moderates microclimate: alpine sandwort
Proboscis forms a flexible, sealed cylinder: butterfly
Pouch scoops and drains water: pink-backed pelican
Nasal turbinates reduce water loss: northern elephant seal
Anus absorbs water: woodlice
Stance and skin channels harvest rainwater: Texas horned lizard
Setae draw water from mud: marsh crab
Leaves channel dew as water source: Welwitschia
Wiry tangles capture fog: lichens
Suckers steal water and nutrients: Australian Christmas tree
Flexible stalk adjusts to flow forces: Styela sea squirt
Concentrated form reduces water requirements: frogs
Hydration increases internal pressure: legumes
Leaves capture water: bromeliads
Roots absorb moisture from humid air: orchids
Pressure sucks moisture from soil: desert plants
Concentrating blood lightens weight: vampire bats
Ribbon-like roots absorb moisture: Taeniophyllum orchid
Forelegs mop up plant oil: solitary bees
Leaves have elasticity, shape memory: resurrection fern
Organisms (72)
Hairs cause loss of footing: marsh pitchers
Walls clog insect feet: pitcherplants
Filter feeding moves water: Venus flower basket
Optical illusion may attract insects: titan arum
Silk tricks insects: spiders
Pressure allows movement: echinoderms
Baleen plates filter food: blue whale
Noise stuns prey: spinner dolphin
Sound waves stun prey: bottlenose dolphin
Lure tricks prey: bolas spider
Lamellae filter food of different sizes: flamingo
Specialized gills filter plankton: basking shark
Glue protects from insect bites: burrowing frog
Fins funnel food: manta ray
Bristles and barbs capture minute foods: Calanoid copepods
Net filters algae: salp
Kidneys filter impurities: human
Adhesive glues prey: velvet worms
Joint aids suspension feeding: sea pen
Electric organs generate volts: rajid skates
Electric organs generate volts: electric stargazers
Electric organs have many purposes: Amazon electric eel
Electric organ stuns prey, deters attackers: electric catfish
Detachable bristles immobilize ants: Polyxenid millipede
Special tongue captures soft prey: long-beaked echidna
Sensory mucous glands detect prey: platypus
Bird bill draws food into mouth: sandpiper
Extra jaws help hold, transport prey: moray eel
Bill used to filter: roseate spoonbill
Pouch scoops and drains water: pink-backed pelican
Poisonous tooth shoots into prey: cone shell
Malaria vector chosen as preferred prey: jumping spider
Fine filaments filter water: peacock worm
Radiating filaments filter water: fanworms
Siphon filters seawater: sea squirt
Hair-like structures filter fine materials: fiddler crab
Tiny capsules trap prey: bladderwort
Vortex stirs up sediment: phalarope
Flexible stalk adjusts to flow forces: Styela sea squirt
Body shape and position direct water current: black flies
Snare captures prey: fungi
Probing for food: copperband butterfly fish
Tongue lures fish: alligator snapping turtle
Venom target insects: Blue Mountains funnel-web spider
Sensitivity captures insects: Venus flytrap
Toxins protect from predators: jellyfish
Eyes give 360˚ vision: chameleon
Eyes see near and far: hawks
Eyes see details: hawks
Mouthparts manipulate food: insects
Beak holds squirming prey: eagles
Light attracts fish: skimmer birds
Probing mud for prey: shoebill stork
Chin used to hunt: elephantnose fish
Lure attracts prey: anglerfish
Lunging after prey: dragonfly larvae
Shooting snout snags prey: sling-jaw wrasse
Jaws swallow eggs whole: egg-eating snakes
Jaw swallows large prey: pythons
Stalk structure improves feeding position: sea anemone
Sand pit captures prey: ant lion larvae
Silk used for various functions: spiders
Fins taste by touch: gurnards
Beak cuts up food: trogons
Middle ear senses barometric pressure: Eastern pipistrelle bat
Antennae sense heat of prey: Rhodnius bug
Capturing prey above the water's surface: archer fish
Hunting in murky water: goldfish
Hunting in the dark: piranha
Lips detect prey: boas
Snake senses heat: pit viper
Whiskers sense prey movement: harbor seals
Solid particles (15)
Calming coastal waters: red mangrove
Elaborate stigmas capture pollen grains: grasses
Tongue gathers nectar and pollen: fruit bats
Bristles and barbs capture minute foods: Calanoid copepods
Kidneys filter impurities: human
Hair-like structures filter fine materials: fiddler crab
Proteins limit nanoparticle dispersal: sulfate-reducing bacteria
Appendages used for movement and filtering: Daphnia
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Tube feet assist locomotion, feeding: lined sea star
Mouth sorts and grinds food: platypus
Wrinkly surface provides desert camouflage: Tamaulipas living rock cactus
Fins taste by touch: gurnards
Orchids capture pollen: bucket orchids
Wingbeat vibrations cause pollen release: carpenter bee
Distribute (76)
Energy (10)
Hole structure strengthens bone: horse
Energy transfers in photosynthetic process: green sulphur bacteria
Crystals draw sunlight into plant: window plants
Light-transmitting fibers: Venus flower basket
Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar
Tendons store energy: bushbaby
Legs power high jumps: spittle bug
Scales create brilliant white: Cyphochilus beetles
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Gases (24)
Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: mound-building termites
Nostril cone allows air passage: peregrine falcon
Burrow shape creates ventilation: prairie dog
Air scoops provide cooling: ants
Tracheal system delivers oxygen efficiently: fly
Air flow system, sacs provide efficient gas exchange: birds
Cells maximize flexibility, efficiency: vertebrates
Internal leaf surface increases gas exchange: plants
Increased surface area improves gas exchange: human
Lungs efficiently expel air: fin whale
Tubes help cool muscles, transport gases: insects
Blood carries oxygen in varied conditions: human
Breathing occurs even with full mouth: diamondback rattlesnake
Branching protects from blockages: blue whales
Radiating shape makes for efficient transport: sea urchin
Large volumes move through small spaces: common earthworm
Pressure makes air move: black mangrove
Aerating device delivers oxygen: mangroves
Stems move air: Phragmites australis
Body shape and position direct water current: black flies
Augmenting soil ventilation: short-beaked echidna
Oxygenating soil: mangroves
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Liquids (37)
Vascular systems transport fluids and solutes: plants
Valves handle high pressures: humans
Pressure assists blood circulation: giraffe
Xylem conduits transport water: plants
Branching pattern enhances exchange and transport: cypress
Trees generate pressure: oaks
Pressure forces blood from pores: grasshopper
Rod-like reinforcements provide strength: plants
Blood cells circulate in viscous blood: dromedary camel
Bird bill draws food into mouth: sandpiper
Body fluids help molt, extend wings: dragonfly
Mats uniformly distribute resources: black grama grass
Proboscis forms a flexible, sealed cylinder: butterfly
Poisonous tooth shoots into prey: cone shell
Branching protects from blockages: blue whales
Radiating shape makes for efficient transport: sea urchin
Elastic blood vessels accommodate pumping: mammals
Flexible cylinders siphon water: clams
Large volumes move through small spaces: common earthworm
Leaves channel water: peppers
Internal perforations transport nutrients: sphagnum moss
Vortex stirs up sediment: phalarope
Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: ladybug
Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: bloody-nosed beetle
Eyelids cleanse eyes: mammals
Transport system prevents spread of embolisms: conifers
Probing mud for prey: shoebill stork
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Vessels resist bubble formation: trees
Body changes shape: sea anemone
Tail used for reproductive advantage: damselfly
Ecosystem withstands attack: Kentucky bluegrass
Capturing prey above the water's surface: archer fish
Squirting filaments protect from predators: pussmoth caterpillar
Three-chambered heart reduces mixing of blood: frog
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Solids (5)
Expel (23)
Gases (5)
Liquids (10)
Combustion chamber sprays scalding liquid: bombardier beetle
Pressure forces blood from pores: grasshopper
Pores expel fluid: iguana
Toxins protect from predators: jellyfish
Siphon directs underwater movement: octopus
Clapping used for underwater movement: rough fileclam
Combustion chamber discharges efficiently: bombardier beetle
Defense mechanism deters predators: wood snakes
Eyes squirt blood: horned lizard
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Solids (8)
Glands remove salt: penguins
Stretchy membrane aids oviposition: locust
Glands excrete excess salt: mangrove
Old leaves help remove excess salt: mangrove
Juice launches seeds: squirting cucumber
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Wings allow escape from spider webs: butterflies
Pollen release triggered by bird landing: mistletoe
Store (41)
Bulk solids (1)
Chemical entities (9)
Mounds accumulate calcium carbonate: termites
Fecal pellets sink carbon: salp
Storage of organic matter plugs carbon "leaks": riparian habitat
Cells detect and sequester toxic copper: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Internal perforations transport nutrients: sphagnum moss
Habitat stores carbon: wetlands
Underground storage enables regeneration: jarrah trees
Storing carbon and energy: bacteria
Minerals conserved during moult: crustaceans
Energy (19)
Blubber structure stores and releases energy: porpoise
Appendage strikes with force: mantis shrimp
Collagenous tendons store work: kangaroo
Legs propel insect far: flea
Resilin gives wings flexibility: insects
Fur provides insulation: polar bear
Tendons store energy: bushbaby
Legs power high jumps: spittle bug
Neck swivels 270 degrees: three-toed sloth
Wings generate lift: honeybee
Storing carbon and energy: bacteria
Conserving energy: moths
Energy stored to amplify power: click beetle
Energy stored to amplify power: locusts
Catapulting transports worms: nematode
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Pads cushion feet: mammals
Silk used for various functions: spiders
Conserving energy in times of scarcity: basking shark
Gases (4)
Liquids (7)
Abdomens store nectar: honeypot ants
Thick leaves, pseudobulb resist fire: Victorian orchid
Surface cells store water: ice plant
Corky tuber stores water: Hottentot bread plant
Leaves channel dew as water source: Welwitschia
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Leaves have elasticity, shape memory: resurrection fern
Solid particles (1)
Maintain community (250)
Cooperate and compete (38)
Between (eco)systems (0)
Between different species (13)
Plants minimize water loss: desert
Interwoven trees gain structural support: tropical trees
Maintaining genetic and species diversity: black mustard
Relationship protects from predators: clownfish, anemones
Relationship provides thermal protection: hot springs panic grass, fungus
Increasing fire resistance: Arizona fescue
Collaboration benefits multiple participants: mangrove forests
Fungus provides UV protection: lichens
Relationship provides nutrients, stability: bracket fungi and trees
Relationship provides nutrients, protection: ant-plants and ants
Providing shelter for multiple organisms: English oak
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Relationship provides nutrients, housing, protection: bull horn acacia and acacia ants
Within a (eco)system (14)
Collective body heat warms nest: wood ants
Community thrives: tropical rainforest ecosystems
Nurse shrubs help other plants: Mediterranean montane ecosystems
Tussocks enhance species diversity: upright sedges
Communities recover from floods: riparian habitat
Ecosystems recover from disturbances: riparian habitat
Selective strategies aid competitive success: mangrove forests
Collaboration benefits multiple participants: mangrove forests
Plant requirements govern recovery from disturbances: English woodland
Epiphytes capture nutrients: bromeliads
Providing shelter for multiple organisms: English oak
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Fruiting tree holds key role in forest: Caesaria tree
Relationships essential to pollination: Brazil nut tree
Within the same species (11)
Groups vote on hive locations: honeybees
Varying response thresholds aid hive thermoregulation: honeybee
Collaborating for group decisions: honeybees
Optimizing size aids survival: sessile barnacles
Maintaining genetic and species diversity: black mustard
Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans
Individual actions benefit group: white-fronted bee-eater
Communal 'slime-ways' used to glide: marine slime mold
Group organization protects from the cold: emperor penguins
Swarms act as intelligent organizations: ants and bees
Coordinate (40)
Activities (17)
Signalling synchronizes bioluminescence: Vibrio fisheri bacteria
Skin is a multifunctional material: human
Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans
Multitasking on the move: pseudoscorpions
Sustainable use of lands: grazing animals
Chicks are fed equally: kingfisher
Collaboration benefits multiple participants: mangrove forests
Relationship provides nutrients, protection: ant-plants and ants
Wings work in unison: insects
Periodic emergence synchronized: cicadas
Cyclical emergence optimizes reproduction: mayfly
Periodic swarming to find new resources: Norway lemmings
Congregating and physical stimulation trigger swarming: desert locusts
Fins use to communicate: fish
Mating flights associated with thunderstorms: moths
Sensitivity encourages return to hive before storm: bees
Swarms act as intelligent organizations: ants and bees
Groups (self-organize) (21)
Plants minimize water loss: desert
Multifunctional integration is remedy for architecture: ecosystems
Marking unrewarding routes: pharaoh ant
Collaborating for group decisions: honeybees
Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans
Groups move efficiently: army ants
Functioning with efficiency and innovation: ecosystems
Individual actions benefit group: white-fronted bee-eater
Sustainable use of lands: grazing animals
Community thrives: tropical rainforest ecosystems
Chicks are fed equally: kingfisher
Wood self-assembles: trees
Colonies self-assemble: bacteria
Communities develop and change: riparian habitat
Communities recover from floods: riparian habitat
Communal 'slime-ways' used to glide: marine slime mold
Congregating and physical stimulation trigger swarming: desert locusts
Group organization protects from the cold: emperor penguins
Swarms act as intelligent organizations: ants and bees
Gut:enhancing anaerobic digestion:earthworm
Systems (2)
Provide ecosystem services (172)
Biological control of populations, pests, diseases (12)
Sustainable use of lands: grazing animals
Disturbances maintain habitat: Scandinavian heath and beech forests
Ecosystems recover from disturbances: riparian habitat
Nature maintains biodiversity: ecosystems
Surviving changing conditions: ecosystems
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Predatory fish maintain ecosystem functions: lake ecosystem
Resident insects protect nearby fields: hedgerows
Fungal root-rot renews forest: mountain hemlock forests
Ecosystem withstands attack: Kentucky bluegrass
Leaves disorient beetles, prevent attack: cucumber
Leaves communicate pest damage: plants
Control erosion and sediment (10)
Calming coastal waters: red mangrove
Multiple organisms strip nutrients: forests
Root systems control erosion: vascular plants
Ecosystem demonstrates sustainability: prairie
Reefs protect shorelines: sand tube
Estuaries rely on ecosystem engineers: diatoms
Mounds increase diversity: mound-building termites
Fallen trees stabilize, enrich soil: Douglas fir forests
Stream remodeling alters ecosystems: American beaver
Stabilizing loose sand: spiders
Cycle nutrients (18)
Multiple organisms strip nutrients: forests
Bacteria help volatilize and mineralize ammonia: termites
Mats uniformly distribute resources: black grama grass
Multiple organisms interact: soil ecosystem
Feeding behavior increases nitrogen availability: nematodes
Ecosystem demonstrates sustainability: prairie
Nurse logs provide new habitat: western hemlock
Insects digest fecal waste: dung beetles
Insects cycle nutrients: periodic cicadas
Exoskeletons excrete nitrogen waste: woodlice
Stream community depends on ecosystem engineers: sediment-processing fish
Collaboration benefits multiple participants: mangrove forests
Relationship provides nutrients, stability: bracket fungi and trees
Relationship provides nutrients, protection: ant-plants and ants
Mounds increase diversity: mound-building termites
Epiphytes capture nutrients: bromeliads
Ecosystem manages poor soils: tropical rain forest
Minerals conserved during moult: crustaceans
Detoxification/purification of air/water/waste (4)
Disperse seeds (33)
Tension releases seeds: broom
Evaporation releases seeds: Brazilian hura trees
Structures facilitate pollen dispersal: pine trees
Spring directs spore dispersal in low humidity: horsetail
Spring directs spore dispersal in high humidity: horsetail
Lower water content releases seeds: petunia
Fire opens seed capsules: banksia
Seedpod autorotates: sycamore
Juice launches seeds: squirting cucumber
Lightweight structure aids dispersal: dandelions
Surface tension flings spores: fern
Seeds survive extreme falls: Brazil nut tree
Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems
Seed dispersal aids recovery from disturbance: tropical rain forests
Seeds survive various conditions: mangroves
Capsules launch seeds: Namaqualand mesems
Seeds float to the best conditions: red mangrove
Saucer-like structure aids spore dispersal: bird's nest fungus
Double-layered ball assists spore dispersal: earthstar fungus
Fruiting tree holds key role in forest: Caesaria tree
Seeds dispersed over long distances: Anisoptera tree
Seeds are dispersed long distances: South African grapple plant
Seeds dispersed across the sea: sea bean
Seeds survive long sea voyages: coconut palm
Single-winged seeds travel far: sycamore
Seeds disperse long distances: liana
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Generate soil/renew fertility (9)
Ecosystem demonstrates sustainability: prairie
Teeth scrape and grind to break down coral: parrotfish
Nurse logs provide new habitat: western hemlock
Insects digest fecal waste: dung beetles
Insects cycle nutrients: periodic cicadas
Diversity increases efficiency: soil ecosystem
Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems
Natural disturbances enhance heterogeneity: forest ecosystems
Fallen trees stabilize, enrich soil: Douglas fir forests
Maintain biodiversity (36)
Elevated rings increase diversity: seaside arrowgrass
Pattern diversity: forest floor
Multifunctional integration is remedy for architecture: ecosystems
Shrub maintains biodiversity: Banksia
Food web complexity increases along gradient: dune ecosystem
Maintaining genetic and species diversity: black mustard
Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems
Community thrives: tropical rainforest ecosystems
Ecosystem has long-term sustainability: dehesa ecosystem
Natural disturbances enhance heterogeneity: forest ecosystems
Enhancing species richness: beavers
Stream community depends on ecosystem engineers: sediment-processing fish
Estuaries rely on ecosystem engineers: diatoms
Disturbances help maintain diversity: western hemlock-Sitka spruce forests
Tussocks enhance species diversity: upright sedges
Environmental disturbance promotes diversity: wet prairie ecosystem
Disturbances maintain habitat: Scandinavian heath and beech forests
Seed dispersal aids recovery from disturbance: tropical rain forests
Disturbances maintain heterogeneity: Great Plains mesic grasslands
Ecosystems recover from disturbances: riparian habitat
Ecosystems have stability and resiliency: savannas
Ecosystems have stability and biodiversity: savannas
Mounds increase diversity: mound-building termites
Microtopographic relief fosters diversity: wetland ecosystems
Nature maintains biodiversity: ecosystems
Pit-and-mound topography fosters biodiversity: Douglas fir forests
Fallen trees stabilize, enrich soil: Douglas fir forests
Canopies enhance species diversity: wetland ecosystems
Species diversity maintains grasslands: Tanzania's Serengeti Plain
Stream remodeling alters ecosystems: American beaver
Predatory fish maintain ecosystem functions: lake ecosystem
Tree and grass savanna maintains equilibrium: Transvaal savanna
Fungal root-rot renews forest: mountain hemlock forests
Fruiting tree holds key role in forest: Caesaria tree
Diversity creates long-term stability: prairie grassland
Termites are ecosystem engineers: mound-building termites
Pollinate (6)
Regulate atmospheric composition (0)
Regulate climate (4)
Regulate habitat response to disturbance (28)
Habitat mosaics stop fires: beaver
Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems
Surviving disturbances: ecosystems
Ecosystems recover from disturbance: forests
Natural disturbances enhance heterogeneity: forest ecosystems
Surviving in fire-prone areas: tropical gallery forest
Disturbances maintain habitat: Scandinavian heath and beech forests
Seed dispersal aids recovery from disturbance: tropical rain forests
Ecosystems recover after disturbance: forests
Ecosystems recover from disturbance: coral reefs
Disturbances maintain heterogeneity: Great Plains mesic grasslands
Communities develop and change: riparian habitat
Communities recover from floods: riparian habitat
Ecosystems recover from disturbances: riparian habitat
Ecosystems have stability and resiliency: savannas
Ecosystems have stability and biodiversity: savannas
Mounds increase diversity: mound-building termites
Microtopographic relief fosters diversity: wetland ecosystems
Plant requirements govern recovery from disturbances: English woodland
Nature maintains biodiversity: ecosystems
Surviving changing conditions: ecosystems
Species richness helps system respond to disturbance: ecosystems
Pit-and-mound topography fosters biodiversity: Douglas fir forests
Species diversity maintains grasslands: Tanzania's Serengeti Plain
Fungal root-rot renews forest: mountain hemlock forests
Fruiting tree holds key role in forest: Caesaria tree
Diversity creates long-term stability: prairie grassland
Ecosystem withstands attack: Kentucky bluegrass
Regulate hydrological flows (6)
Regulate water storage (6)
Maintain physical integrity (767)
Manage structural forces (278)
Chemical wear (2)
Compression (50)
Bones self-heal: vertebrates
Hole structure strengthens bone: horse
Lightweighting: Scots pine
Fibers keep tall spikes upright: titan arum
Leaves given structural support: giant water-lily
Nest cells support heavy weights: bees and wasps
Structural composition provides strength in changing conditions: plants
Rod-like reinforcements provide strength: plants
Reinforced fibers provide strength: plants
Lignified parenchyma cells provide strength: plants
Sclereid cells prevent soft tissue collapse: plants
Collenchyma cells provide strength, flexibility: plants
Thickness stabilizes tall trees: baobob
Fluid protects eggs: birds
Intricate silica architecture survives forces: diatoms
Interwoven trees gain structural support: tropical trees
Cuticle provides protection: arthropods
Spicules are rigid structural materials: sponges
Matrix stiffens connective tissue: sponges
Fibers reinforce hydrostatic skeletons: sunflowers
Arches provide structural support: termites
Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones
Circular, tapering beams stabilize: plants
Shape distributes stress: sea urchin
Fluid pressure provides support: blue crab
Pressure provides structural support: blackback land crab
Buttressing resists uprooting: English oak
Trusses provide support: Cholla cactus
Support cells resist compression: nasturtium
Structure protects against compression loading: staghorn coral
Bones absorb compression shock: birds
Leaves resist bending: trees
Variable postures aid intertidal zone survival: sea palm
Skeleton provides support: sponges
Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms
Systems allow changes in mechanical properties: organisms
Thin "shells" resist impact loading: sea urchins
Stems resist buckling: plants
Leaves resist gravitational loading: broad-leaved trees
Supportive gel enables extreme shape change: sea anemone
Teeth resist compression and tension: animals that chew
Jelly substance provides structural support: jellyfish
Elastic ligament provides support, shock absorption: large grazing mammals
Spines work as shock absorbers: West European hedgehog
Tail prevents sinking: sturgeons
Carrying heavy loads in flight: Eastern red bat
Shell changes shape: pancake tortoise
Branches provide support: Russian thistle
Bones are lightweight yet strong: birds
Creep (0)
Extreme temperature (80)
Feathers trap air to provide warmth: emperor penguin
Down feathers insulate: king eider
Feather structure insulates: Canada goose
Compounds protect from extreme cold: a collembola
Blood flow regulates heat exchange: alligator
Amphibian withstands freezing: Siberian salamander
Mound passively heats/cools: compass termite
Body tissue survives freezing: red bat
Hibernator survives cold: tenrec
Glycoprotein prevents ice crystals: Antarctic ice fish
Glycerol acts as antifreeze: parasitic wasp
Glucose prevents formation of ice crystals: spring peepers
Larvae survive freezing: midge
Large ears aid cooling: elephant
Worm tolerates temperature gradient of 140 deg F: Pompeii worm
Antifreeze protects from cold: North American wood frog
Mechanisms help thermoregulation: bumblebees
Tubes help cool muscles, transport gases: insects
Membranes avoid melting: methanogen (thermophile)
Membranes avoid freezing: bacteria
Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: termites
Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: Macrotermes termites
Varying response thresholds aid hive thermoregulation: honeybee
Coat changes with the seasons: rock squirrel
Liver survives cold temperatures: squirrel
Holes in nest aid temperature regulation: wood ants
Shape shades and enhances heat radiation: cactus
Microcolonial fungi adapt to extreme conditions: fungi
Dehydration helps survive freezing: Arctic springtail
Pigments cells respond to hormones: African clawed frog
Seed coat and enzymes protect seed: lotus
Pouch dissipates heat: pelican
Gular fluttering dissipates heat: nightjars
Suspending reproduction conserves energy: insects
Cryptobiosis protects from extremes: water bear
Air scoops provide cooling: ants
Architecture avoids flooding, creates microclimates: ants
Density moderates microclimate: alpine sandwort
Cuticle provides protection: arthropods
Large ears used to cool off: jackrabbit
Cuticle acts as cooling mechanism: Oriental hornet
Vibration creates heat: honeybee
Coat insulates against extreme cold: muskox
Dense underfur insulates: reindeer
Underhairs provide insulation: merino sheep
Fur provides insulation: polar bear
Sweating aids thermoregulation: mammals
Waxy coating protects from heat and drought: euphorbia
Leaves optimize internal state: mangrove
Furry bracts serve as insulation: lobelia
Ice in rosette protects bud from frost: lobelia
Dead leaves function as insulation: giant groundsel
Antifreeze prevents frost damage: giant groundsel
Tightly packed stems insulate against cold: cushion plants
Dense covering protects from cold: snow lotus
Felt-like covering protects from cold: edelweiss
Algae protects from freezing: snow algae
Organism tolerates heat and desiccation: lichen
Foam provides thermal and moisture control: spittlebug
Compacted leaves form efficient heat insulation: grass tree
Proteins retard crystallization: Antarctic fish
Evaporative cooling lowers body temperature: Gila monster
Surviving extreme temperatures: tubeworms
Branches protected from the sun: quiver tree
Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar
Sugars assist desiccation tolerance: spikemoss
Furry bracts serve as insulation: lobelia
Relationship provides thermal protection: hot springs panic grass, fungus
Blood vessels regulate temperature: vertebrates
Carotid rete cools brain: Thomson's gazelle
Lingual rete precools blood: gray whale
Underground dens protect from cold: snakes
Managing high temperatures: tenrecs
Body temperature regulated in hot environment: African camels
Nest kept warm: mallee fowl
Leaves protect from the elements: conifers
Group organization protects from the cold: emperor penguins
Fatty acids prevent freezing: cotton plants
Impact (45)
Micro-tile Covered Foam
Beak design absorbs high-energy impacts: toco toucan
Bones self-heal: vertebrates
Intricate silica architecture survives forces: diatoms
Web absorbs impacts: spiders
Footpads dampen shock: bush-cricket
Iron sulphide minerals reinforce scales: golden scale snail
Insect elytra resist shear and cracking: beetles
Tissues resist bending under stress: giant green anemone
Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones
Coating protects during impacts: fleas
Shells resist external loading: birds
Spinal column has strength and flexibility: armored shrew
Ctenoid scales form protective layer: bony fish
Scales form protective layer: bony fish
Fine strands stabilize bones: humans
Acrobatics used to land: house fly
Rolling into a ball for protection: armadillo
Rolling into a ball for protection: pill millipede
Rolling locomotion used for hilly terrain: Mount Lyell salamander
Organic cases provide protection: bagworm moths
Seeds survive extreme falls: Brazil nut tree
Arrangement allows self-cushioning: spittle bug
Feet used to slow landings: true frogs
Bones absorb compression shock: birds
Structures minimize materials, maximize strength: organisms
Pads cushion feet: mammals
Thin "shells" resist impact loading: sea urchins
Elastic ligament provides support, shock absorption: large grazing mammals
Shell protects, supports, and allows for growth: shelled mollusks
Skeletal construction provides shock absorption: cats
Spines work as shock absorbers: West European hedgehog
Structures optimize material use: plants
Eggs protected from scratches and impacts: rainbird
Exoskeleton absorbs shock: dragonfly
Design features aid efficient attachment: lice
Covering protects eye: pied kingfisher
Body protected from diving impact: brown pelican
Head protected from minor impacts: cassowaries
Eyes protected underwater: crocodile
Branches provide support: Russian thistle
Body manages impact: woodpecker
Bones are lightweight yet strong: birds
Mechanical wear (30)
Anchor has flexibility: bull kelp
Macromolecules aid joint lubrication: humans
Skin, mucus prevent abrasion: blennies
Tongue moves fast: chameleons
Sticky berries adhere: European mistletoe
Fluid lubricates joints: vertebrates
Resin protects damage: conifer trees
Seed coat and enzymes protect seed: lotus
Teeth self-sharpen: sea urchins
Skin exhibits low friction: sandfish skink
Teeth are self-sharpening: American beaver
Moving parts are lubricated: diatoms
Employing frictional devices: tenebrionid beetles
Scales protect skin: cartilaginous fish
Sharp teeth always available: nurse sharks
Skin properties derive from arrangement of components: mammals
Body sheds dirt particles: stonefly larvae
Teeth specialized to diet: macropods
Specialized teeth wear down but remain effective: grazing animals
Teeth resist compression and tension: animals that chew
Eggs protected from scratches and impacts: rainbird
Teeth replace themselves: kangaroo
Skin protected when burrowing: platypus
Wings fold multiple times without wear: beetles
Tongue protected from thorns: giraffe
Seeds dispersed across the sea: sea bean
Seeds survive long sea voyages: coconut palm
Shear (16)
Spiral fibers strengthen tree trunks: whitebark pine
Stretchable architecture resists breakage: bull kelp
Bones self-heal: vertebrates
Lightweighting: Scots pine
Insect elytra resist shear and cracking: beetles
Tissues resist bending under stress: giant green anemone
Pulled support stalks have low flow stress: algae
Wood resists fracture: trees
Circular, tapering beams stabilize: plants
Joint shaped as suction cup prevents peeling: bull kelp
Leaves resist bending: trees
Resisting shearing forces: limpets
Setae enhance temporary adhesion: leaf beetles
Variable postures aid intertidal zone survival: sea palm
Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms
Design features aid efficient attachment: lice
Tension (26)
Lightweighting: Scots pine
Stretchable architecture resists breakage: bull kelp
Bones self-heal: vertebrates
Stretching mechanism prevents fracture: blue mussel
Two-phase composite tissues handle tension: pipevine
Walls prevent collapse under tension: plants
Pulled support stalks have low flow stress: algae
Intricate silica architecture survives forces: diatoms
Arterial walls resist stretch disproportionately: cephalopods
Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones
Circular, tapering beams stabilize: plants
Curved spine deals with tension: sloth
Trees resist uprooting: cypress trees
Fluid pressure provides support: blue crab
Pressure provides structural support: blackback land crab
Resisting shearing forces: limpets
Variable postures aid intertidal zone survival: sea palm
Leaves resist gravitational loading: broad-leaved trees
Byssus threads resist hydrodynamic forces.
Silk used for various functions: spiders
Teeth resist compression and tension: animals that chew
Tentacles maintain tension as flow increases: marine polychaete worm
Elastic ligament provides support, shock absorption: large grazing mammals
Low-energy perching: mousebird
Bones are lightweight yet strong: birds
Membranes get fatter when stretched: cells
Thermal shock (3)
Turbulence (26)
Spiral-shaped flow is optimal: bull kelp
Branches protect by breaking: Caribbean stony coral
Adhesion occurs in varying conditions: keyhole limpet
Snout reduces turbulence: dolphin
Body shape reduces friction: dolphin
Mucus reduces turbulence: barracuda
Joint aids suspension feeding: sea pen
Guard hairs form waterproof barrier: seals
Parasite attaches underwater: copepod
Scales form protective layer: bony fish
Shield and spoilers decrease lift in water: mayfly
Joint shaped as suction cup prevents peeling: bull kelp
Adapting swimming technique: lamprey
Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans
Highly effective swimming: fish
Bill reduces drag: black skimmer
Wing scales provide lift: butterflies
Moving efficiently through water: aquatic animals
Variable postures aid intertidal zone survival: sea palm
Byssus threads resist hydrodynamic forces.
Tentacles maintain tension as flow increases: marine polychaete worm
Fur decreases water turbulence: seals
Head kept motionless in flight: kestrel
Flotation in turbulent waters: Heteropterid bugs
Fins provide streamlined shape: tuna
Prevent structural failure (52)
Buckling (14)
Nodes and pneumatic structures give support: Dutch rush
Thin-walled tubular stems resist buckling: bamboo
Quills resist buckling: porcupine
Siliceous skeleton provides support: Venus flower basket
Shape of feather shafts protect from wind: birds
Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones
Organic cases provide protection: bagworm moths
Bones absorb compression shock: birds
Leaves resist bending: trees
Skeleton provides support: sponges
Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms
Stems resist buckling: plants
Spines work as shock absorbers: West European hedgehog
Stems vary stiffness: scouring horsetail
Deformation (4)
Fatigue (4)
Fracture (rupture) (30)
Bones self-heal: vertebrates
Iron sulphide minerals reinforce scales: golden scale snail
Insect elytra resist shear and cracking: beetles
Tendons and bones form seamless attachment: Chordates
Leaves resist tearing: brown algae
Microscopic holes deter fractures: starfish
Spicules help resist fractures: sponges
Extensibility helps stop spread of cracks: macroalgae
Shell resists cracking: scallop
Leaves resist crosswise tearing: grasses
Antlers resist fracture: mammals
Scales prevent structural penetration: fig
Resin protects damage: conifer trees
Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones
Arterial walls resist stretch disproportionately: cephalopods
Hooves resist cracking: horse
Continuous fibers prevent structural weakness: trees
Ctenoid scales form protective layer: bony fish
Scales form protective layer: bony fish
Scales form protective armor: garpike
Shape distributes stress: sea urchin
Erythrocytes swell without rupturing: dromedary camel
Membranes self-repair: cells
Uterus expands/contracts: mammals
Transport system prevents spread of embolisms: conifers
Leaves resist bending: trees
Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms
Jaws swallow eggs whole: egg-eating snakes
Eggs protected from scratches and impacts: rainbird
Vines repair themselves: pipevine
Melting (0)
Protect from abiotic factors (180)
Chemical toxins (17)
Clay protects from toxic sap: macaws
Mucus inhibits nematocyst firing: shag-rug aeolis
Digestive system protects against toxins: monarchs
Surviving oil ponds: petroleum flies
Immune system protects from toxin: horse mackerel
Alkaline surfaces volatilize ammonia: loach
Cryptobiosis protects from extremes: water bear
Bacteria help volatilize and mineralize ammonia: termites
Cells detect and sequester toxic copper: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mucus coat protects against stings: clownfish
Resilin maintains size.
Exoskeletons excrete nitrogen waste: woodlice
Membranes tolerate high alkalinity: cyanobacteria
Dietary supplement neutralizes toxic foods: Zanzibar red colobus
Larvae survive in digestive liquids: flesh flies
Larvae protect from cyanide: Sara longwing butterfly
Dirt/solids (12)
Electric current reduces friction: common earthworm
Wings shed dirt and water: cicada
Wing surface self-cleans: Morpho butterfly
Hydrophobic surface allows self-cleaning: sacred lotus
Convex surface geometry resists adhesion: pumpkin
Coating keeps pores open: loon
Temporary covering protects from dirt and impact: mammals
Augmenting soil ventilation: short-beaked echidna
Body sheds dirt particles: stonefly larvae
Skin stays clean: earthworm
Lips keep soil out of mouth: African mole-rat
Body resists soil adhesion: dung beetle
Excess liquids (40)
Mixture waterproofs nests: paper wasps
Grooves shed water: doves
Valve regulates water permeability: yellow bush lupine
Hydrophobic surface allows self-cleaning: sacred lotus
Bract forms waterproof structure: titan arum
Cicada wings are superhydrophobic.
Mounds shed water: West African termites
Nest sheds water: tropical hornet
Seed coat and enzymes protect seed: lotus
Secretion waterproofs nest: plasterer bee
Dikes prevent flooding: ground squirrel
Cork bars water, dissolved ions and gases: plants
Leaf surfaces are hydrophobic: Lady's mantle
Case protects during years at sea: Polynesian box fruit
Coating keeps pores open: loon
Architecture avoids flooding, creates microclimates: ants
Waxy coat controls moisture loss: cockroach
Silk protects from flooding, captures water: barking spider
Rind resists rotting: flowering plants
Convex surface geometry resists adhesion: pumpkin
Ear flaps keep water out: otters
Beak protects during dives: cape gannet
Guard hairs repel water: reindeer
Guard hairs form waterproof barrier: seals
Feathers protect from water: penguin
Seed compartment impervious to rain: Namaqualand mesems
Nest openings protect from floods: ants
Floating mats adjust to water levels: beaked sedge
Plants rise above flooding: peatland plants
Foam provides thermal and moisture control: spittlebug
Hairs prevent entry of water: rat-tailed maggot
Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems
Ecosystem manages poor soils: tropical rain forest
Flotation in turbulent waters: Heteropterid bugs
Tail used for reproductive advantage: damselfly
Ears seal out water: crocodile
Seeds dispersed across the sea: sea bean
Seeds survive long sea voyages: coconut palm
Fire (10)
Dead leaves insulate against fire: cape aloe
Thick leaves, pseudobulb resist fire: Victorian orchid
Bark protects buds from fire: eucalyptus trees
Dormant buds ensure fire survival: jarrah
Compacted leaves form efficient heat insulation: grass tree
Underground storage enables regeneration: jarrah trees
Surviving in fire-prone areas: tropical gallery forest
Increasing fire resistance: Arizona fescue
Bark resists fire: ordeal tree
Growth rate aids fire resistance: camel's foot tree
Gases (4)
Ice (3)
Light (17)
Case protects during years at sea: Polynesian box fruit
Compounds cause UV tolerance: yeast
Compounds cause UV radiation tolerance: dinoflagellates
Mycosporines protect from UV light, desiccation: microcolonial fungi
Hardened bubbles provide protection: foam-nesting frog
Pigment filters excessive light: balloonfish
Pigments cells respond to hormones: African clawed frog
Seed coat and enzymes protect seed: lotus
Screen protects symbiotic algae from light: giant clam
Red pigment protects against UV rays: snow algae
Fungal skin prevents water loss: lichens
Branches protected from the sun: quiver tree
Sweat protects skin: hippopotamus
Fungus provides UV protection: lichens
Eyes manage glare: kingfishers
Iridescent thin layer provides photoprotection: understory rainforest plants
Loss of gases (3)
Loss of liquids (52)
Nasal surfaces remove water vapor: camel
Platelets block blood loss: humans
Hardened bubbles provide protection: foam-nesting frog
Sugars assist desiccation tolerance: spikemoss
Glassiness protects plants in drought: blue gem plant
Leaves survive desiccation: Spanish moss
Skin protects from dehydration: file snake
Skin protects from water loss: humans
Skin prevents dehydration: foam-nest treefrog
Skin protects from water loss: desert lark
Preening waterproofs feathers: birds
Mammalian clotting mechanism prevents loss of blood.
Special mixture waterproofs cocoon: pussmoth
Shell provides drought protection: lungfish
Membrane reduces evaporation: land snail
Cryptobiosis protects from extremes: water bear
Anhydrobiosis protects during desiccation: nematodes
Waterproof lipid-layer prevents desiccation: frogs
Cactus hides from the sun: mescal cactus
Pollen coat prevents dehydration: plants
Case protects during years at sea: Polynesian box fruit
Waxy coat controls moisture loss: cockroach
Mycosporines protect from UV light, desiccation: microcolonial fungi
Hairs prevent evaporation: arid zone plants
Exploding plug prevents mating: honeybee
Chemical plug prevents mating: butterfly
Density moderates microclimate: alpine sandwort
Nasal turbinates reduce water loss: northern elephant seal
Skin secretion slows desiccation: lesser siren
Skin prevents water loss: crocodiles
Air holes protect from dehydration: moon moth
Protective coating prevents dehydration: sea-wracks
Waxy coating protects from heat and drought: euphorbia
Leaves optimize internal state: mangrove
Elevated leaves reduce evaporation: quiver tree
Round shape reduces water loss: pebble plants
Slime inhibits evaporation: lobelia
Bulk prevents moisture loss: cushion plants
Organism tolerates heat and desiccation: lichen
Fungal skin prevents water loss: lichens
Concentrated form reduces water requirements: frogs
Tree structure reduces water loss: umbrella thorn trees
Foam provides thermal and moisture control: spittlebug
Mechanism to seal joint prevents depressurization: spiders
Membranes self-repair: cells
Transport system prevents spread of embolisms: conifers
Skin properties derive from arrangement of components: mammals
Seeds survive various conditions: mangroves
Ecosystem manages poor soils: tropical rain forest
Foam builds shelter, provides water: Japanese flying frog
Leaves protect from the elements: conifers
Nuclear radiation (4)
Wind (18)
Tightly packed stems protect from wind: cushion plants
Branches protect plant from wind: Arctic willow
Branches survive intense wind: live oak
Plant growth responds to touch: wall cress
Weak leaves deal with strong winds: plants
Flexibility limits bending in wind: trees
Flexibility allows twisting, not bending, in wind: sedges
Flexibility encourages twisting, not bending: banana
Flexibility reduces drag: daffodil
Hairs prevent evaporation: arid zone plants
Furry bracts serve as insulation: lobelia
Buttressing resists uprooting: English oak
Roots stabilize trees against wind: longleaf pine
Furry bracts serve as insulation: lobelia
Relationship provides nutrients, stability: bracket fungi and trees
Leaves resist bending: trees
Wingtip feathers increase aerodynamic efficiency: flying birds
Leaves resist gravitational loading: broad-leaved trees
Protect from biotic factors (168)
Animals (114)
Rapid color change used for protection: cuttlefish
Eyes are anti-reflective: elephant hawk-moth
Delete, me thinks - Rapid color change used for protection: cuttlefish
Slime and fibers protect: hagfish
Secretions repel insects, bacteria: giraffe
Poison protects seeds: yews
Strychnine protects seeds: strychnine trees
Toxic sap protects tree seeds: hura tree
Tastiness protects seeds from beetles: acacia
Red leaves hide plants from insects: plants
Leaf tents hide caterpillars: Bornean moths
Microscopic silica blades protect: meadow grasses
Poisonous sting wards off predators: nettles
Pheromone mimic repels aphids: South American potato
Hormone mimic protects from caterpillars: bugleweed
Cyanide protects from herbivores: brackenfern
Cyanogenic poison protects from herbivores: acacia
Plant poison neutralizes digestive juices: cotton grass
Toxic latex protects from herbivores: milkweeds
Larvae produce deadly toxin: leaf beetle
Scales prevent structural penetration: fig
Resin protects damage: conifer trees
Scales provide flexible, strong protection: pangolin
Electric organs generate volts: rajid skates
Electric organs generate volts: electric stargazers
Electric organ stuns prey, deters attackers: electric catfish
Flower's pattern attracts/deters insects: Aaron's beard
Tail shedding protects from predators: lizard
Tail shedding protects from predators: salamander
Limbs sacrificed to escape predators: crabs
Yellow flower has an ultraviolet pattern seen by insects.
Iron sulphide minerals reinforce scales: golden scale snail
Ankle spur protects from predators: platypus
Glue protects from insect bites: burrowing frog
Stripes serve as long-distance camouflage: lionfish
Threads adhere underwater: sea cucumber
Limb shedding assists escape: starfish
Tail shedding allows escape: rodents
Case protects during years at sea: Polynesian box fruit
Cocoon provides hard, protective casing: puss moth
Chemical repels insects: catnip
Liquids protect against ants: termites
Chemicals used in defense: termites
Hardened bubbles provide protection: foam-nesting frog
Pigment granules assist hiding: ray-finned fish
Pigments cells respond to hormones: African clawed frog
Self-medicating with plants: chimpanzees
Self-medicating cures infections, stops pain: baboons
Detachable bristles immobilize ants: Polyxenid millipede
Ctenoid scales form protective layer: bony fish
Scales form protective layer: bony fish
Scales form protective armor: garpike
Neurotoxin protects from predators: poison-dart frog
Armor protects from predators: armadillo
Rolling locomotion aids escape: mother-of-pearl moth caterpillar
Vibrations attract ants: Australian blue butterfly
Secretions deter predators: grasshoppers
Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: ladybug
Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: bloody-nosed beetle
Poisonous secretions deter predators: blister beetle
Nests are parasite-free: eagles
Nests are parasite-free: house sparrow
Nests are parasite-free: starling
Ink cloud distracts predators: octopus
Rolling into a ball for protection: armadillo
Rolling into a ball for protection: pill millipede
Noxious spray deters predators: skunk
Skin and feathers deter ectoparasites: black pitohui bird
Toxins protect from predators: jellyfish
Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar
Plants enhance health: golden bee
Deployable web distracts predators: blanket octopus
Organic cases provide protection: bagworm moths
Inflating for protection: porcupinefish
Portable cases protect from predators: caddisflies
Bubbles protect against predators: spittle bug
Skin resists microorganisms: pilot whale
Tentacles detect predators: queen scallop
Relationship protects from predators: clownfish, anemones
Lack of wing scales enhances camouflage: clearwing butterfies
Scales protect skin: cartilaginous fish
Trunk protected from predators: half-mens plant
Camouflage reduces herbivory: pebble plants
Relationship provides nutrients, protection: ant-plants and ants
Surviving changing conditions: ecosystems
Species richness helps system respond to disturbance: ecosystems
Leaf serves as container: red oak roller weevil
Providing shelter for multiple organisms: English oak
Thin "shells" resist impact loading: sea urchins
Species diversity maintains grasslands: Tanzania's Serengeti Plain
Shell protects, supports, and allows for growth: shelled mollusks
Resident insects protect nearby fields: hedgerows
Wrinkly surface provides desert camouflage: Tamaulipas living rock cactus
Detecting presence and movement of predators: nocturnal moth
Wing scales help camouflage from sonar: moth
Leaves disorient beetles, prevent attack: cucumber
Leaves communicate pest damage: plants
Defense mechanism deters predators: wood snakes
Reflex bleeding deters predators: fireflies
Eyes squirt blood: horned lizard
Wings allow escape from spider webs: butterflies
Relationship provides nutrients, housing, protection: bull horn acacia and acacia ants
Fins use to communicate: fish
Durable nest is predator-proof: Eurasian penduline tit
Long-distance communication protects from predators: Okapis
Abrupt flight patterns help evade predators: moths
Hinged casing closes for protection: ciliate
Squirting filaments protect from predators: pussmoth caterpillar
Secondhand weapons protect from predators: sea slug
Flowers protect from unwanted visitors: mistletoe
Leaves signal presence of predators: acacia
Leaves protect from herbivory: Australian stinging tree
Fungi (14)
Social system protects from disease: dampwood termites
Chemical protects from disease: grapes
Rind resists rotting: flowering plants
By-products inhibit yeast and fungi: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacteria fight fungus: leafcutter ants
Milk protects against microbes: tammar wallaby
Saliva protects from infection: cattle calf
Preening waterproofs feathers: birds
Seed coat and enzymes protect seed: lotus
Secretions are antibacterial, antifungal: leaf-cutter ants
Self-medicating with plants: chimpanzees
Plant resists blister blight: tea plant
Coating removes unwanted organisms: trees
Colonial living leads to long-term survival: fungi
Microbes (38)
Biofilm-inhibiting chemical protects surfaces: red alga
Saliva protects from infection: cattle calf
Protein prevents bacterial adherence: Lactobacillus fermentum
Biofilms protect bacteria: gram negative bacteria
Biofilm inhibition protects surfaces: peas
Biofilm inhibition protects surfaces: freshwater algae
Secretions are antibacterial: greenbottle fly
Larvae prevent mold growth: Passalid beetle
Secretions are antibacterial, antifungal: leaf-cutter ants
Excretions provide antimicrobial protection: olive trees
Excretions provide antimicrobial protection: biscuitroot
Lichen metabolite has antimicrobial activity: lichens
Case protects during years at sea: Polynesian box fruit
Milk protects against microbes: tammar wallaby
Self-medicating with plants: chimpanzees
Self-medicating cures infections, stops pain: baboons
Self-medicating to prevent malaria: house sparrows
Mucins trap pathogens: animals
Hardened bubbles provide protection: foam-nesting frog
Secretions repel insects, bacteria: giraffe
Social system protects from disease: dampwood termites
Chemical protects from disease: grapes
Rind resists rotting: flowering plants
Preening waterproofs feathers: birds
Secretion waterproofs nest: plasterer bee
Peptide defensin fights pathogens: animals
Photoperiod affects immune response: Siberian hamster
Mucus has antibacterial properties: bony fish
Stabilized bromine protects from bacteria: kelp
Coating removes unwanted organisms: trees
Resin provides immunity, ability to self-heal: commiphora tree
Colonial living leads to long-term survival: fungi
Skin resists microorganisms: pilot whale
Sweat protects skin: hippopotamus
Polypeptide inhibits microbial growth: California sea hare
Digestive solution removes excess algae: giant clam
Surviving changing conditions: ecosystems
Skin inhibits microbes: shark
Plants (2)
Regulate physiological processes (89)
Cellular processes (11)
Gorilla diet protects heart: grains of paradise
Just-in-time manufacturing conserves resources: snakes
Gene transfers enhance photosynthesis: marine viruses
Fish thrives in freshwater and seawater: Atlantic salmon
Thylakoidal system transports folded proteins: plants
Membranes self-repair: cells
Muscles flex: humans
Photosynthesis with low CO2: peatland plants
Surviving extended confinement: lungfish
Iridescent thin layer provides photoprotection: understory rainforest plants
Homeostasis (43)
Glands remove salt: penguins
Metabolism slows when food is scarce: hummingbird
Cells manage monovalent ions: fish
Adaptations allow ingestion of salt water: loons
Pouch dissipates heat: pelican
Gular fluttering dissipates heat: nightjars
Torpor conserves energy: common poorwill
Changes enable hibernation: hedgehog
Hibernator survives low food supply: basking shark
Large ears aid cooling: elephant
Internal thermostat regulates temperature: skunk cabbage
Mechanisms help thermoregulation: bumblebees
Varying response thresholds aid hive thermoregulation: honeybee
Coat changes with the seasons: rock squirrel
Liver survives cold temperatures: squirrel
Holes in nest aid temperature regulation: wood ants
Respiration rate allows survival in low oxygen: blind shark
Pressure assists blood circulation: giraffe
Membranes desalinate water: mangrove
Fish thrives in freshwater and seawater: Atlantic salmon
Hibernator survives cold: tenrec
Cryptobiosis protects from extremes: water bear
Alkaline surfaces volatilize ammonia: loach
Tubes help cool muscles, transport gases: insects
Embryos survive without oxygen: killifish
Large ears used to cool off: jackrabbit
Mast cells reduce inflammation: mammals
Underhairs provide insulation: merino sheep
Intestine osmoregulates: marine teleosts
Wing scales aid thermoregulation: green birdwing butterfly
Sweating aids thermoregulation: mammals
Plasma maintains salt balance: crab-eating frog
Membranes maintain salt balance: crab-eating frog
Glands excrete excess salt: mangrove
Old leaves help remove excess salt: mangrove
Transport system prevents spread of embolisms: conifers
Sensing and sharing information: neurons
Exoskeletons excrete nitrogen waste: woodlice
Blood vessels regulate temperature: vertebrates
Carotid rete cools brain: Thomson's gazelle
Lingual rete precools blood: gray whale
Digestive solution removes excess algae: giant clam
Managing high temperatures: tenrecs
Reproduction or growth (35)
Exploding plug prevents mating: honeybee
Chemical plug prevents mating: butterfly
Lunar cycle triggers reproduction: Pacific palolo worm
Suspending reproduction conserves energy: insects
Altering host's reproductive system improves viability: Wolbachia bacteria
Eating leaves to control reproduction: chimpanzees
Foods reduce or enhance fertility: woolly spider monkey
Sex of offspring controlled: mantled howler monkey
Eating bark to induce labor: elephant
Embryos go into dormancy: red kangaroo
Burning stimulates flowering: grass trees
Investing resources increases competitive success: trees
Surviving low nutrient, low light conditions: peatland plants
Growth rate aids fire resistance: camel's foot tree
Environment tailors growth: organisms
Selective strategies aid competitive success: mangrove forests
Water aids pollination: eelgrass
Seeds float to the best conditions: red mangrove
Flowers accommodate short growing season: alpine snowbell
Tail used for reproductive advantage: damselfly
Conserving energy in times of scarcity: basking shark
Periodic emergence synchronized: cicadas
Cyclical emergence optimizes reproduction: mayfly
Relationships essential to pollination: Brazil nut tree
Sensitive antennae detect sex pheromones: Indian luna moth
Antennae used to detect pheromones, find mates: moths
Nest kept warm: mallee fowl
Minerals conserved during moult: crustaceans
Stigmas ensure pollination: angiosperms
Biopolymer stops shell growth: oyster
Mutant gene flattens leaves: snapdragon
Sex of offspring controlled: plant lice
Make (117)
Chemically assemble (20)
Attach a functional group (0)
Catalyze chemical reactions (3)
Detach a functional group (0)
Inorganic compounds (0)
Metal-based compounds (2)
Mineral crystals (3)
Molecular devices (0)
On demand (2)
Organic compounds (6)
Polymers (4)
Specific stereoisomers (0)
Generate/convert energy (54)
Chemical energy (7)
Catalysts facilitate water-splitting: plants
Fueled by hydrogen: thermal pool microbes
Photosynthesis: Cooke's koki'o
Creating energy from sunlight: plants
Converting radiation to chemical energy: black fungus
Pigments 'photosynthesize' without CO2: Halobacteria
Gut:enhancing anaerobic digestion:earthworm
Electrical energy (10)
Organ generates electricity: electric stargazer
Electric organs generate volts: ray
Electrosensitivity used to navigate: rattlesnake
Bacteria create a natural battery: Geobacter sulfurreducens
Wire-like structures conduct electricity: Shewanella oneidensis
Producing energy from sugars: cells
Ears convert energy: humans
Creating energy from sunlight: plants
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Magnetic energy (0)
Mechanical energy (23)
Claw snaps shut: pistol shrimp
Vibration moves wings: flies
Legs propel insect far: flea
Appendage strikes with force: mantis shrimp
Catches in wings hold, release tension: bees
Body fluids help molt, extend wings: dragonfly
Resilin gives wings flexibility: insects
Legs use hydraulics: spiders
Fly has fast wingbeat: fruit fly
Hydration increases internal pressure: legumes
Sporangium launches spores: pilobolus fungus
Ears convert energy: humans
Wings generate lift: honeybee
Energy stored to amplify power: click beetle
Energy stored to amplify power: locusts
Catapulting transports worms: nematode
Lunging after prey: dragonfly larvae
Swimming efficiently: sharks
Tube feet assist locomotion, feeding: lined sea star
Legs 'row' across water: fishing spider
Appendage causes high jumps: springtails
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Radiant energy (light) (5)
Thermal energy (9)
Thermogenesis attracts pollinators: cycads
Muscles produce energy and heat: mammals
Electron flow generates heat: sacred lotus
Shivering produces heat: mammals
Flower creates heat: philodendron
Brown fat oxidation generates heat: ground squirrel
Combustion chamber sprays scalding liquid: bombardier beetle
Vibration creates heat: honeybee
Nest kept warm: mallee fowl
Physically assemble (42)
Structure (42)
Structure and shape provide flexibility: vines
Arches provide structural support: termites
Fibers reinforce nests: wasps
Dome-shape protects nest: ovenbird
Nest is reinforced: magpie lark
Vibration firms mud nest: apostle bird
Vibration firms mud nest: white-winged chough
Construction pattern forms sturdy tubes: organ-pipe wasp
Saliva used as glue: swifts
Tail shedding protects from predators: lizard
Tail shedding protects from predators: salamander
Scales form protective armor: garpike
Shapes cover curved surfaces efficiently: tortoise
120°, three-way junctions optimize material use: honeybees
Organic cases provide protection: bagworm moths
Portable cases protect from predators: caddisflies
Paper produced for nest-building: hornets
Sharp teeth always available: nurse sharks
Filaments adopt geometric symmetry: mammals
Plant requirements govern recovery from disturbances: English woodland
Double-layered ball assists spore dispersal: earthstar fungus
Leaf serves as container: red oak roller weevil
Providing shelter for multiple organisms: English oak
Appendages used for movement and filtering: Daphnia
Joints have two degrees of bending freedom: arthropods
Leaves resist gravitational loading: broad-leaved trees
Sand pit captures prey: ant lion larvae
Specialized teeth wear down but remain effective: grazing animals
Shell protects, supports, and allows for growth: shelled mollusks
Skeleton components arranged efficiently: starfish
Heat creates precise shapes: bees
Structures optimize material use: plants
Underground dens protect from cold: snakes
Jaws excavate sand: ant lion larvae
Durable nest is predator-proof: Eurasian penduline tit
Durable casing built with sand: protozoans
Bubble raft used to float on water: violet snail
Larvae produce foam: meadow spittlebug
Nest lined with protective material: song thrush
Nest structurally reinforced: jet ant
Nests made of paper: termites
Nests made of paper: paper wasps
Reproduce (1)
Self-replicate (1)
Modify (272)
Adapt/optimize (73)
Adapt behaviors (18)
Nests are dynamic: Temnothorax ants
Diet compensates for mineral deficiencies: red deer
Adapting swimming technique: lamprey
Adapting to survive: living systems
Functioning with efficiency and innovation: ecosystems
Multitasking on the move: pseudoscorpions
Sustainable use of lands: grazing animals
Surviving low nutrient, low light conditions: peatland plants
Photosynthesis with low CO2: peatland plants
Flowers accommodate short growing season: alpine snowbell
Moving efficiently across sand: sidewinder
Efficient movement across land: snakes
Moving efficiently through water: aquatic animals
Photosynthesis in low-light conditions: Taeniophyllum orchid
Appendages used for movement and filtering: Daphnia
Head kept motionless in flight: kestrel
Wings work in unison: insects
Managing irregular food supplies: crossbills
Adapt genotype (0)
Adapt phenotype (5)
Coevolve (4)
Optimize space/materials (46)
Shell is minimum free energy structure: viruses
Folds allow efficient leaf deployment: plants
Skin is a multifunctional material: human
Roots maximize water uptake: plants
Mound passively heats/cools: compass termite
Nest maximizes solar heat absorption: wood ants
Air flow system, sacs provide efficient gas exchange: birds
Structures maximize light absorption: plants
Body shape reduces friction: dolphin
Cells maximize flexibility, efficiency: vertebrates
Shapes cover curved surfaces efficiently: tortoise
120°, three-way junctions optimize material use: honeybees
Branching protects from blockages: blue whales
Large volumes move through small spaces: common earthworm
Leaves optimize internal state: mangrove
Fibonacci sequence optimizes packing: sunflowers
Branches accommodate algae: sea slug
Eyes see in the dark: oilbird
Organic composite is exceptionally robust: jumbo squid
Optimizing nest spacing aids survival: cliff swallow
Optimizing size aids survival: sessile barnacles
Optimally packing spheres: spittle bug
Neck swivels 270 degrees: three-toed sloth
Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans
Multitasking on the move: pseudoscorpions
Conserving energy: moths
Mouthpart functions change: butterfly
Tusks conserve materials: walrus
Environment tailors growth: organisms
Optimizing exposure to sunlight: stony corals
Moving efficiently through water: aquatic animals
Wings combine support and material economy: winged insects
Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms
Structures minimize materials, maximize strength: organisms
Providing shelter for multiple organisms: English oak
Appendages used for movement and filtering: Daphnia
Small structures burrow efficiently: earthworms
Joints have two degrees of bending freedom: arthropods
Wingtip feathers increase aerodynamic efficiency: flying birds
Sand pit captures prey: ant lion larvae
Specialized teeth wear down but remain effective: grazing animals
Shell protects, supports, and allows for growth: shelled mollusks
Skeleton components arranged efficiently: starfish
Structures optimize material use: plants
Conserving energy in times of scarcity: basking shark
Eyes specialized for different types of vision: starlings
Modify chemical/electrical state (14)
Chemical potential (0)
Chemically generate flow of electrons (redox) (2)
Concentration (0)
Conductivity (2)
Electric charge (0)
Electron transport (0)
Energy state (0)
Free radical reactivity (0)
Oxidation state (3)
pH (1)
Reactivity with water (0)
Solubility (0)
Surface tension (6)
Modify physical state (185)
Buoyancy (16)
Spring directs spore dispersal in high humidity: horsetail
Floats keep fronds buoyant: bull kelp
Gas-holding structure aids buoyancy: cuttlefish
Skin acts as membrane: sea snake
Swim bladder helps maintain buoyancy: ray-finned fish
Gas-storage chamber controls buoyancy: nautilus
Wing overcomes resistance: Pallas's long-tongued bat
Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans
Eggs are buoyant: oviparous fish
Seeds float to the best conditions: red mangrove
Shell alters buoyancy: green turtle
Swimbladder retains gases: ray-finned fish
Wingtip feathers increase aerodynamic efficiency: flying birds
Tail prevents sinking: sturgeons
Flotation in turbulent waters: Heteropterid bugs
Bubble raft used to float on water: violet snail
Density (0)
Light/color (31)
Wing scales diffract and scatter light: Morpho butterflies
Eyes are anti-reflective: elephant hawk-moth
Platelets reflect light: bobtail squid
Pigment granules assist hiding: ray-finned fish
Pigments cells respond to hormones: African clawed frog
Lipochromes create red feathers: scarlet macaw
Carotenoids create yellow color: American goldfinch
Stripes serve as long-distance camouflage: lionfish
Complex structures focus reflected light: lobster
Layers create multihued appearance: beetle
Pigments provide vivid colors: turaco
Crystals create iridescent sheen: rainbow trout
Wing scales aid thermoregulation: green birdwing butterfly
Microscopic plates produce interference colors: copepods
Wings have bright colors: African swallowtail butterfly
Eyes diffract light: moth
Light attracts fish: skimmer birds
Eye structure enhances night vision: vertebrates
Lack of wing scales enhances camouflage: clearwing butterfies
Transparent patches of mantle focus light: giant clam
Wrinkly surface provides desert camouflage: Tamaulipas living rock cactus
Scales create brilliant white: Cyphochilus beetles
Pigment granules create colors: damselflies
Body surfaces reflect light to create colors: jewel beetles
Hairs create colors: weevils
Luciferin molecules create bioluminescence: Pyrophorus beetle
Beaks reflect UV light: emperor penguin
Humidity changes exoskeleton color: Hercules beetle
Rapid color change used for protection: cuttlefish
Material characteristics (22)
Liquid crystal forms byssal threads: Mediterranean mussel
Shearing forces increase molecular alignment: silkworms
Special liquid softens hard cocoon: puss moth
Waxy coat controls moisture loss: cockroach
Matrix stiffens connective tissue: sponges
Maggot skin strengthens as it dries: blowfly
Mucus takes on adhesive qualities: dusky arion slug
Organic composite is exceptionally robust: jumbo squid
Teeth are self-sharpening: American beaver
Wings allow for silent flight: owls
Paper produced for nest-building: hornets
Lack of wing scales enhances camouflage: clearwing butterfies
Digestive solution removes excess algae: giant clam
Secretions break down algal walls: stony corals
Silk used for various functions: spiders
Crystals of metal salts improve cutting ability: herbivorous insects
Mineral crystals enhance cutting ability: limpet
Mineral crystals enhance rasping power: chitons
Larvae produce foam: meadow spittlebug
Tongue protected from thorns: giraffe
Fatty acids prevent freezing: cotton plants
Number of (2)
Phase (3)
Position (43)





