Increase in hydrostatic pressure forces blood from pores
1. Pressure forces blood from pores: grasshopper
"A number of insects also release blood in order to deter predators. Some of the most dramatic examples occur among grasshoppers of the genus Dictyophorus. When threatened, hydrostatic pressure within the grasshopper's body increases, forcing bloo...
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2. Pressure allows movement: echinoderms
"Their [echinoderms'] bodies work by unique exploitation of hydrostatic principles. Feet, each a thin tube ending in a sucker and kept firm by the pressure of water within, wave and curl in rows along the arms. The water for this system circulates...
3. Fluid pressure provides support: blue crab
"The aquatic blue crab Callinectes sapidus maintains mobility by switching to a hydrostatic skeleton 10 — a fluid-based skeleton that is common in soft-bodied invertebrates 11. Hydrostatic skeletons are arranged so that the force of muscle c...
4. Pressure provides structural support: blackback land crab
"Here we show that whenever its exoskeleton is shed, the blackback land crab Gecarcinus lateralis relies on an unconventional type of hydrostatic skeleton that uses both gas and liquid (a 'pneumo-hydrostat'). To our knowledge, this is the first ex...
5. Burrowing without legs: caecilians
The legless, wormlike, burrowing amphibian called a caecilian is the only vertebrate known to use hydrostatic pressure to move. "Unlike other vertebrates, caecilians have muscles that ring the body wall, running from the belly to the back (the mus...
6. Eyes squirt blood: horned lizard
"Among the most famous, and spectacular, performers of autohemorrhaging are three species of North American desert-dwelling lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum, P. coronatum, and P. solare, which are commonly known (albeit inaccurately) as horned toads&he...
7. Tissues create hydrostatic pressure: plants
"Osmotic Motors: Hydraulic motors and actuators work on the basis of a change in hydrostatic pressure…plants generate hydrostatic pressure by injecting solutes into a confined space that must be surrounded by a selective membrane that retai...
8. Pores expel fluid: iguana
"[The iguana] excretes liquid (sometimes volatile lipids) from a gland on ventral side of the femur. The liquid is expelled through epidermal and dermal tubes ending in a row of pores on the skin. Gland length varies depending on the season, espec...
9. Pressure assists blood circulation: giraffe
"Its [giraffe's] heart is two-and-a-half times as big as zoologists would expect for an animal of its size. And the skin around its legs is unusually tight. Pedley [Tim Pedley of the University of Cambridge] says that high blood pressure would enc...
10. Body structure facilitates burrowing: Caecillians
"Locomotion occurs via vertically directed musculature and tendons that are crossed in a helical array, which allows the production of hydrostatic forces along the entire body, thus facilitating burrowing." (Fowler and Miller 2003: 40, 42)
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