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21. Toe pads adhere and clean themselves: White's tree frog
"White’s tree frogs have tiny hexagonal patterns on their feet, which allow some parts of the pad to remain in contact with the surface and create friction, whilst the channels between allow the mucus to spread throughout the pad. This...
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Email22. Running on waxy leaves: Arboreal ants
"Even less clear is the basis of 'wax-running,' by which some ants get around on the slippery epicuticular wax of plants. Federle, Rohrseitz, and Hölldobler (2000) measured attachment forces by making ants do their thing under varying amounts...
23. A parasitic flatworm infesting birds uses two rows of rostellar hooks to adhere to the intestinal lining.
The double circles of rostellar hooks, spiny cirrus, and scolex describe the attachment organ of the genus Malika, a parasitic flatworm of birds.
24. Pelvic fins create suction.
The pelvic fins of the Pacific spiny lumpsucker (Eumicrotremus orbis) form a suction disc on its belly to hold onto rocks in fast tidal currents. (Newport Aquarium sign) (XXXSR: if "yes," find better source.)
25. Design features aid efficient attachment: lice
"Lice are much more sedentary, clutching onto their host's skin with strong gripping claws. They have flattened bodies that rebuff attempts by the host to dislodge them." (Shuker 2001:165)
26. Glue fibers form underwater: caddisfly
"Like silkworm moths, butterflies and spiders, caddisfly larvae spin silk, but they do so underwater instead [of] on dry land. Now, University of Utah researchers have discovered why the fly's silk is sticky when wet and how that may make it...
27. Tree frogs can climb smooth surfaces using toe pads which peel back and secrete mucus.
“The toe pads of tree frogs are removed by peeling, the pads being removed from the rear forwards during forward locomotion up a vertical slope, and from the front of the pad rearwards when frogs are induced to move backwards down a vertical slo...
28. NanoSphere® fabric finish
Butterflies don’t take baths. Instead, nano-scale surface structures on their wings repel water and most dirt and also cause dirt particles to be carried away by water. Schoeller Technologies AG of Switzerland created a fabric finish called ...
29. NanoSphere® fabric finish
Butterflies don’t take baths. Instead, nano-scale surface structures on their wings repel water and most dirt and also cause dirt particles to be carried away by water. Schoeller Technologies AG of Switzerland created a fabric finish called ...
30. Setae enhance temporary adhesion: leaf beetles
"Second, devices for intermittent adhesion in animals make extraordinary use of multiple contacts. The billion contacts of the gecko's feet may not be exceptional. Each of Stork's (1980) 5-microgram chrysomelid beetles had over ten thousand setae....
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